[3] Hence, cities have a significant influence on construction and transportation—two of the key contributors to global warming emissions. Rising global temperatures causes sea levels to rise, increases the number of extreme weather events such as floods, droughts and storms, and increases the spread of tropical diseases. First, climate change is a cumulative process. [12] These papers act as summaries of the scholarship for the field similar to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports. [37] Created and led by cities, C40 is focused on tackling climate change and driving urban action that reduces greenhouse gas emissions and climate risks, while increasing the health, wellbeing and economic opportunities of urban citizens. Over 90% of all urban areas are coastal, putting most cities on Earth at risk of flooding from rising sea levels and powerful … Several examples of … One of these collaborations is a Joint Work Programme between UNEP, the World Bank, UN-Habitat, under the facilitating role of Cities Alliance to address cities and climate change. As key sites in the production and management of emissions of greenhouse gases, cities will be crucial for the implementation of international agreements and national policies on climate change. [5] Climate adaptation and mitigation investments in cities will be important in reducing the impacts of some of the largest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions: for example, increased density allows for redistribution of land use for agriculture and reforestation, improving transportation efficiencies, and greening construction (largely due to cement's outsized role in climate change and improvements in sustainable construction practices and weatherization). [21] Much of this urban development is informal, with urban residents settling in informal settlements and slums often on the outskirts of cities. [30] A study done of selected Himalayan cities in India and Nepal found that none of them have a robust system of water planning and governance to tackle the water challenges emerging from rapid urbanization and climate change. Rising global temperatures causes sea levels to rise, increases the number of extreme weather events such as floods, droughts and storms, and increases the spread of tropical diseases. The module will cover both how cities are affected by climate change and how cities are contributing to climate change. [19] Increasing attention is being paid to the important role of peri-urban areas in urban climate resilience, particularly regarding the ecosystem services that these areas provide and which are rapidly deteriorating in Sub-Saharan Africa. the national level can support critical urban action to combat climate change. As of 2019, Mayor of Los Angeles Eric Garcetti serves as the C40's Chairperson, former Mayor of New York City Michael R. Bloomberg as President of the Board, and Mark Watts as Executive Director. Legal. population. Estimates suggest that cities are responsible for 75 percent of global CO2 emissions, with transport and buildings being among the largest contributors. [14], Part of the reason that cities are being studied, is that cities that invest heavily in experiments of large policies, that can be adopted by larger jurisdictions (such as San Diego's advanced urban planning practices which could be applied elsewhere in the United States). If we fix cities, we can fix the world. This course focuses on climate change in urban areas, covering how cities are affected by climate change, how they contribute to it, as well as how they plan for it. [17][16] for example the book Life After Carbon documents a number of cities which act as "urban climate innovation labratories".[18]. Based on city-level assessments of climate vulnerability or emissions, to date UN-Habitat has supported over twenty-five cities worldwide to elaborate a climate change strategy or climate action plan in order to provide for effective and well sequenced follow-on action, e.g., building the climate-resilience of the most vulnerable communities. Cities are central to the fight against climate change, but the IPCC recently noted that many cities — and particularly those in the developing world — lack the institutional, financial and technical capacities needed to switch to low emission development paths. This book provides a critical analysis of the role of cities in addressing climate change and the prospects for urban sustainability. Founded in 2013 in Miami, Urban Us is a venture fund focused on start-ups upgrading cities for climate change. [1] Cities are also one of the most vulnerable parts of the human society to the effects of climate change,[2] and likely one of the most important solutions for reducing the environmental impact of humans. [3] Moreover, because of processes that create climate conflict and climate refugees, city areas are expected to grow during the next several decades, stressing infrastructure and concentrating more impoverished peoples in cities.[4]. Cities are what we call a “leverage point” — a place in the system where positive change can have a disproportionately beneficial impact. More than half of the world's population is in cities, consuming a large portion of food and goods produced outside of cities. Local involvement through “climate-conscious” urban planning and management can help achieve national climate goals and minimise tradeoffs between environmental and economic priorities at local levels. Because of this, the international community has formed coalitions of cities (such as the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and ICLEI) and policy goals, such as Sustainable Development Goal 11 ("sustainable cities and communities"), to activate and focus attention on these solutions. How we live and work together in communities and cities can have a huge impact in tackling climate change. Cities in different parts of the world face different, unique challenges and opportunities in the face of climate change. Local involvement through “climate-conscious” urban planning and management can help achieve national climate goals and minimise tradeoffs between environmental and economic priorities at local levels. Cities and Climate Change As the hubs of economic activity, cities drive the vast majority of the world’s energy use and are major contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. Our country is well-served by this ambition. While they are major contributors to climate change, they are also particularly vulnerable to its consequences. SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities, Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. All three work closely with the 13-member Steering Committee, the Board of Directors[38] and professional staff. [27] Despite being a water-rich zone, climate projection models suggest that by 2050, between 52–146 million people living in South Asia could face increased water scarcity due to climate change, accounting for 18% of the global population exposed to water scarcity. The Cities and Climate Change Project - Pilot Program for Climate Resilience of Mozambique has an objective that would remain unchanged. Africa is urbanizing faster than any other continent. [31], Cities play an important role in investing in climate innovation in the United States. Save the planet. [45] The targets of SDG 11 include investment in public transport, creating green public spaces, and improving urban planning and management in participatory and inclusive ways. One of the main outputs of this cooperation is an online knowledge centre which provides information on cities and climate change. Integrated Research and Action for Development (IRADe) was designated as a Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Urban Development and Climate Change in year 2008, by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India. As the hubs of economic activity, cities generate the bulk of GHG emissions and are thus important to mitigation strategies. In cooperation with partners, UNEP assists national and local governments by raising awareness, organizing workshops and trainings, developing evaluation tools and involving cities in international meetings on climate change. However, cities are not just drivers of climate change, they are also particularly affected by it. [12] The first of which was published in, the first of which (ARC3.1) was published in 2011,[13] and the second of which (ARC3.2) was published in 2018. Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11 or Global Goal 11) is about "sustainable cities and communities" and is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. Cambridge Core - Climatology and Climate Change - Climate Change and Cities - edited by Cynthia Rosenzweig [41], Working across multiple sectors and initiative areas, C40 convenes networks[42] of cities providing a suite of services in support of their efforts, including: direct technical assistance; facilitation of peer-to-peer exchange; and research, knowledge management & communications. [19] It is estimated that by 2030, more than one billion Africans will live in cities. [48] Thus cities are both an important cause for and solution to climate change. It is essential, therefore, to make cities an integral part of the solution in fighting climate change. All these have costly impacts on cities' basic services, infrastructure, housing, human livelihoods and health. UN-Habitat's Cities and Climate Change Initiative (CCCI) seeks to enhance the preparedness and mitigation activities of cities in developing countries. Cities consume the vast majority of global energy and are therefore major contributors of greenhouse gas emissions. More frequent rainfall, flooding, and heatwaves are likely to be among the challenges that Europe’s cities will face from climate change. Choices made in cities today about long-lived urban infrastructure will determine the extent and impact of climate change, our ability to achieve emission reductions But cities are as vulnerable as they are powerful. [40] Steering Committee members include: Accra, Bogota, Boston, Buenos Aires, Copenhagen, Dhaka, Dubai, Durban, Hong Kong, London, Los Angeles, Milan, Seattle, and Stockholm. Because of high density and effects like the urban heat island effect, weather changes due to climate change are likely to greatly effect cities, exacerbating existing problems, such as air pollution, water scarcity and heat illness in the metropolitan areas. [22] African cities are exposed to multiple climate threats including floods, drought, water stress, sea level rise, heat waves, storms and cyclones, and the related effects of food insecurity and disease outbreaks like Cholera and Malaria from floods and droughts. All these have costly impacts on cities' basic services, infrastructure, housing, human livelihoods and health. It does so by introducing the basic concepts of urban resilience and adaptation, by using illustrative case studies in different African cities. 5 Global Cities Tackling Climate Change and Inequality From sustainable urban farming to infrastructure combating floods, projects launched by these global cities are winning plaudits. Estimates suggest that cities are responsible for 75 percent of global CO2 emissions, with transport and buildings being among the largest contributors. Most cities are situated near water putting them at risk from rising sea levels and storms. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020), concentrating more impoverished peoples in cities, largely due to cement's outsized role in climate change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, United States withdrawal from the Paris agreement, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Climate change and cities: a prime source of problems, yet key to a solution", "Cities: a 'cause of and solution to' climate change", "Summary for Urban Policymakers – What the IPCC Special Report on 1.5C Means for Cities", "With people crowding into urban areas, how can cities protect themselves against climate change? Plastic packaging accounts for 50 per cent of plastic waste. Cities are being greatly affected, with more than half of the world’s population living in urban areas, of which nearly a billion in slums. ", "Bicycle Infrastructure @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions", "Building Retrofitting @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions", "District Heating @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions", "Public Transit @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions", "Walkable Cities @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions", "Cities and Climate Change: The Precedents and Why They Matter", "Cities are pledging to confront climate change, but are their actions working? [15], Mayors National Climate Action Agenda, or Climate Mayors, is an association of United States mayors with the stated goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. They often lie on coasts, rivers, deltas or mountain slopes and are thus exposed to huge risks. Several major international communities of cities and policies have been formed to include more cities in climate action. With a focus on developing countries, this partnership aims to support local and national governments in urban adaptation and mitigation processes. SDG 11 has 10 targets to be achieved, and this is being measured with 15 indicators. You need to pass a quiz after the module to receive your certificate from UN-Habitat and UNITAR. In 2018, 4.2 billion people, or 55 percent of the world's population, lived in cities. Founded by Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti, former Houston mayor Annise Parker, and former Philadelphia mayor Michael Nutter, the group represents 435 cities and nearly 20% of the U.S. Cities represent a challenge and an opportunity for climate change policy. City life is highly dependent on services such as electrical power, drinking water, and transportation. Opt not to print. © UNEP Terms of Use Privacy Report a project concern. As member of the Climate Neutral Network which brings together 19 partner cities and numerous organizations, UNEP provides its expertise on environmental issues. Cities consume much of the world's energy, and thus produce much of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change and cities are deeply connected, with cities being one of the greatest contributors to climate change. The contributing role of cities in accentuating the effects of climate change is increasingly demonstrated in the literature, underscoring the unsustainable models on which urban life has been made to thrive. Cutting emissions will also reduce local pollution from industries and transport, thus improving urban air quality and the health of city dwellers. The SDG 11 is to "Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable". Building on UN-Habitat’s long experience in sustainable urban development, the Cities and Climate Change Initiative … Cities have a key role to play in addressing the global climate change challenge. Inland, changes in weather patterns and extremes could threaten cities with both too much water (in the form of overland or flash flooding) and too little water (in the form of extended perio… … How can regions and cities become leaders in addressing climate change? Canadian cities, though chronically cash-starved and dramatically impacted by COVID and climate change alike, are punching well above their weight when it comes to solutions. Moreover, because most cities have been built on rivers or coastal areas, cities are frequently vulnerable to the subsequent effects of sea level rise, which cause coastal flooding and erosion , and those effects are deeply connected with other urban environmental problems, like subsidence and aquifer depletion. Cities and Climate Change Climate Policy, Economic Resilience and Urban Sustainability. Cambridge Core - Climatology and Climate Change - Climate Change and Cities - edited by Cynthia Rosenzweig The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group is a group of 96 cities around the world that represents one twelfth of the world's population and one quarter of the global economy. The research perspective of cities and climate change, started in the 1990s as the international community became increasingly aware of the potential impacts of climate change. At the same time, cities are a key contributor to climate change, as urban activities are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. We’ve since expanded to New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, and have made over 100 investments across the globe. Cities are home to half the world’s population and produce around 75% of the world’s GDP and greenhouse gas emissions. The module will cover both how cities are affected by climate change and how cities are contributing to climate change. Many cities are already doing a lot by using renewable energy sources, cleaner production techniques and regulations or incentives to limit industrial emissions. Infographic In general, city dwellers live in areas most prone to the effects of climate change. Cities and Climate Change reveals the importance of addressing climate change across all levels of government. At the same time, the exposed infrastructure and prevalent coastal location of many cities makes them common targets for climate change impacts such as sea level rise and fiercer storms. The book will be relevant to policy makers, researchers, and others with an interest in … [27] But, urbanisation in South Asia is characterized by higher poverty, slums, pollution and crowding and congestion. This guide on climate change adaptation in cities is intended to offer mayors and other city officials, in developing countries, practical guidance on how to respond to the challenges of climate change adaptation in their cities. ", "Goal 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities", "Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities", Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General, "UN launches global mayors network to fight climate change", "Cities are lapping countries on climate action", "New alliance on city finance unveiled at UN Summit on climate change | Cities Today - Connecting the world's urban leaders", UN Climate Change Course on Cities and Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_and_cities&oldid=1000251051, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021, Articles with dead external links from January 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 January 2021, at 09:41. [23], Climate impacts in rural areas, such as desertification, biodiversity loss, soil erosion and declines in agricultural productivity, are also driving rural-urban migration of poor rural communities to cities. In addition, the module will look at how climate change adaptation and mitigation can be considered in urban planning and identify concrete measures. Cities are responsible for the climate-sensitive development of their urban areas. It emphasizes good governance, responsibility, leadership, and practical initiatives for local governments, communities, and citizens. Our workshop “Cities and regions: Leaders in addressing climate change” illustrated how regional and city governments are increasingly initiating action on climate change and presented examples which can be an inspiration for other cities. [15][16] Multiple scholars approach this in different ways, but describe this "urban laboratory" environment for testing a wide variety of practices. The seven "outcome targets" include: Safe and affordable housing, affordable and sustainable transport systems; inclusive and sustainable urbanization; protect the world's cultural and natural heritage; reduce the adverse effects of natural disasters; reduce the environmental impacts of cities; provide access to safe and inclusive green and public spaces. It contains one module which takes around 2 hours to complete. Often local climate policies in cities, preempt larger policies pursued by the states or federal government. Because they are home to major infrastructure and highly concentrated populations, cities are also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels, warmer temperatures and fiercer storms. [20] This rapid urbanization, coupled with the many interlinked and complex challenges as a result of climate change, pose a significant barrier to Africa's sustainable development. Also the Environment and Climate Change Outlook (ECCO) project conducted by UNEP's Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA) provides a global methodology which enables sub-regional and national level authorities to conduct vulnerability and impact assessments for adaptation to climate change. Supreme Court weighs in on cities' climate change lawsuits. In some cities, it’ll be like moving two states south. For example, following the United States withdrawal from the Paris agreement a coalition of cities, under the banner of Mayors National Climate Action Agenda. Are you sure you want to print? [11], Two international assessments have been published by the Urban Climate Change Research Network at the The Earth Institute at Columbia University. Thinking and acting at a local level helps communities fight climate … At the same time, cities are a key contributor to climate change, as urban activities are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. [11] Urban studies scholars Michael Hebbert and Vladmir Jankovic argue that this field of research grew out of a larger body of research on the effects of urban development and living on the environment starting as early as the 1950s. Cities are also one of the most vulnerable parts of the human society to the effects of climate change, and likely one of the most important solutions for reducing the environmental impact of humans. Climate change is delivering a one-two punch of more severe storms and rising seas to coastal cities. Greening cities with parks and gardens reduces CO 2 and helps cool urban areas and reduce flooding. [1][2] More than half of the world's population is in cities, consuming a large portion of food and goods produced outside of cities. A report by the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group described consumption based emissions as having significantly more impact than production-based emissions within cities. A third report is being developed as of 2020. Climate change and cities are deeply connected, with cities being one of the greatest contributors to climate change. The report estimates that 85% of the emissions associated with goods within a city is generated outside of that city. [47] The world's cities occupy just 3 per cent of the Earth's land, but account for 60–80 per cent of energy consumption and 75 per cent of carbon emissions. This paper argues that climate change is an urgent agenda for cities for two reasons. Key Messages • Cities have a unique ability to address global climate change challenges. The world is becoming more and more urban, and therefore cities are important actors in addressing climate change. Yet cities, to varying extents, are also vulnerable to climate change impacts, with poor populations facing the greatest risk. Climate change is a global phenomenon that largely impacts urban life. [24] To achieve sustainable development and climate resilience in cities in Africa, and elsewhere, it is important to consider these urban-rural interlinkages. C40 is also positioning cities as a leading force for climate action around the world, defining and amplifying their call to national governments for greater support and autonomy in creating a sustainable future.[43]. [26], South Asia’s urban population grew by 130 million between 2001 and 2011—more than the entire population of Japan—and is poised to rise by almost 250 million by 2030. This report, cities and climate change: an urgent agenda focuses on three broad issues pertaining to cities and climate change. Climate change is one of the most challenging issues of our time. More frequent rainfall, flooding, and heatwaves are likely to be among the challenges that Europe’s cities will face from climate change. Climate change is a uniquely complex challenge and one that will require simultaneous interventions from all levels of government. Cities and Climate Change reveals the importance of addressing climate change across all levels of government. In addition, the module will look at how climate change adaptation and mitigation can be considered in urban planning and identify concrete measures. To strengthen municipal capacity for sustainable urban infrastructure provision and environmental management which enhance resiliency to … By 2050, between 65% … Cities, while being the main cause of climate change, are also the most affected. Climate change threatens to make cities all around the world uninhabitable, prompting a level of climate action unparalleled at state and national levels. 70% of cities are already dealing with the effects of climate change, and nearly all are at risk. By 2050, more than 70% of the population – 6.4 billion people – is projected to live in urban areas. 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