Of course I do, and we should. Section II: 1743-1826 Summary and Analysis. REMEMBER JOHN COTTON AND RICHARD MATHER, the Puritans who got the American race ball rolling? I know what you’re thinking. It was easy to read, in a conversational style, though of course much of it infuriating to read … And. And in nearly every instance, “the devil” who was preying upon innocent White Puritans was described as Black. Classify Natives and Blacks the same way you would horses and hogs in the tax code. This chapter book edition of the #1 New York Times bestseller by luminaries Ibram X. Kendi and Jason Reynolds is an essential introduction to the history of racism and antiracism in America RACE. But the specific stories are helpful. A frequent public speaker, Kendi specializes in the history of racism and antiracism. First thing he did was set the price of tobacco, seeing as it would be the country’s cash crop. All Whites now wielded absolute power to abuse any African person. Because he was so insecure about his speech impediment, Cotton Mather took to writing, and eventually he would write more sermons than any other Puritan in history. as if it were a hog’s, and paraded his remains around Plymouth. It's called "Stamped: Racism, Antiracism, And You." And before I tell you about him, I have to give you a little context. It isn’t neat and perfectly shaped. chapter 1. It would’ve been an apocalypse. And what did Best use to prove this theory? For the planter, the slave was a big help and could be the four-digit code to the American ATM. Assimilationists. Just a fact of life. A new set of racist codes. Reynolds reads from Chapter 1. *** I received this book at ALA in exchange for an honest review, thank you to Little, Brown Books for Young Readers publisher for allowing me to read and review Stamped: Racism, Antiracism, and You! Either way, Zurara’s documentation of the racist idea that Africans needed slavery in order to be fed and taught Jesus, and that it was all ordained by God, began to seep in and stick to the European cultural psyche. Got it. We might as well just jump in and begin with the world’s first racist. In it, Zurara bragged about the Portuguese being early in bringing enslaved Africans from the Western Sahara Cape, and spoke about owning humans as if they were exclusive pairs of sneakers. Who are the “savages” in the scenario providing in the next section. He saw himself as the defender of God’s law and the crucifier of any non-Puritan, African, Native American, poor person, or woman who defied God’s law by not submitting to it. After he overcame his stutter, Cotton Mather became a preacher. A great writer snatches the human eye in the way that a thumping beat snatches the human ear, makes your head bob up and down. Simple. And the excuses they gave to avoid baptizing slaves were: AS I MENTIONED BEFORE, AFTER ZURARA’S NONSENSE documentation about slave trading and the savage nature of Africans, many other Europeans started to write their own testimonies and theories. But the literature said otherwise. Black people are five times more likely to be incarcerated than Whites. And these racist ideas make people ignorant about racism and hateful of racial groups. Because the answer is the very first university in America, ever (remember, this society is all brand-new!) So, White privileges were created, and, at this time, they included: Those are the two most important ones—poor Whites wouldn’t be punished, but they could surely do the punishing. Assimilationists are people who like you, but only with quotation marks. All of us. An antiracist America where our skin color is as irrelevant as the colors of the clothes over our skin. A jack move. And these racist ideas make people ignorant about racism and hateful of racial groups. And the new slaves would cause a bit of conflict between the two. At least, that’s what Zurara claimed. John Cotton and Richard Mather took Aristotle’s idea (because they, too, were followers) and flipped it into a new equation, substituting “Puritan” for “Greek.”. A mission from God to help civilize and Christianize the African “savages.”. STAMPED: Racism, Antiracism, and You #1 New York Times bestseller . And in that survey, Africanus echoed Zurara’s sentiments of Africans, his own people. But it didn’t stop with just Aristotle or George Best (the travel writer). As the population of enslaved people grew, which is what slaveholders needed in order to till the land and grow the tobacco for free, the fear of more revolt grew with it. Summary. He’d come from an elite family, gotten an elite education, and lived an elite, though pious, life, far from the planters and even farther from the slaves. An eleven-year-old Harvard student (the youngest of all time), he was obviously a nerd, and on top of all that, he was extremely religious. The first step to building an antiracist America is acknowledging America’s racist past. Either racist policies forced Black people into enslavement, or animalistic Black people were fit for slavery. During Cotton Mather’s career, many Americans in rural, poorer parts of the nation began to resent the wealthy and metropolitan elite. Committed to this antiracist idea of group equality, I was able to discover, self-critique, and shed the racist ideas I had consumed over my lifetime while I uncovered and exposed the racist ideas that others have produced over the lifetime of America. The antiracists say racism is the problem in need of changing, not Black people. But whenever people rise up against bad things, bad things tend to get worse. And this obsession would set a fire he couldn’t have seen coming, but welcomed as the will of God. I found that the need of powerful people to defend racist policies that benefited them led them to produce racist ideas, and when unsuspecting people consumed these racist ideas, they became ignorant and hateful. Being delivered from his stutter was a good thing, because he was destined for the pulpit. They further break down the concepts of racism and antiracism, but still in manageable and functional segments. Just keep that in mind as we explore these folks. And, guess what, you wouldn’t be the first. I want you to understand racism today to understand how it is affecting you and America today. In 1577, after noticing that Inuit people in northeastern (freezing-cold) Canada were darker than the people living in the hotter south, English travel writer George Best determined—conveniently for all parties interested in owning slaves—that it couldn’t have been climate that made darker people inferior, and instead determined that Africans were, in fact, cursed. Like a pop song that everyone claims to hate, but everyone knows the words to, and then suddenly no one hates the song anymore, and instead it becomes an anthem. I am evolving, I will make mistakes, but it is so important to keep having conversations, and I am learning to listen so much more. In acknowledging America’s racist present, we can work toward building an antiracist America. They make clear that they want to write a history book that is “not a history book,” and to paint a chronology of the United States in a manner that highlights its relevance today. (First of all, could you imagine someone on the Travel Channel telling you that you’re cursed? But the governor knew if Blacks and Whites joined forces, he’d be done. They landed in America after treacherous trips, especially Richard Mather, whose ship sailed into a storm in 1635 and almost collided with a massive rock in the ocean. Again, this was common. That seed? I thought there were certain things wrong with Black people (and other racial groups). Authors Jason Reynolds and Ibram X. Kendi share how their book “Stamped” aims to illuminate racism in America in an unconventional and stimulating way. Zurara’s ace, his trick shot, was that the Portuguese had enslaved Africans (of all shades, by the way) supposedly for the purpose of saving their wretched souls. A man named John Pory (a defender of curse theory), the cousin of one of the early major landowners, was named America’s first legislative leader. The antiracists say there is nothing wrong or right about Black people and everything wrong with racism. That’s good. NOTES ON BAXTER: Antiracists. He knew he was special, or at least meant to be, which of course did nothing but fill his fellow classmates with spite. Jason is a great writer in the purest sense. Jason Reynolds' Stamped: Racism, Antiracism, and You is a concise, honest, and accessible "not history history book" meant to give readers of all ages a timeline of how racist ideas were born, spread, and engrained in … They definitely didn’t want the religion of their masters. Zimmerman’s racist ideas in 2012 transformed an easygoing Trayvon Martin walking home from a 7-Eleven holding watermelon juice and Skittles into a menace to society holding danger. You know the old saying, When the going gets tough, the tough get… racist. Not the kind who roots for a team and pumps up a crowd, but he was a man who made sure the team he played for was represented and heralded as great. Well, he’s dead. Aphra Behn ’s novel Oroonoko: or, the Royal Slave (1688) is the first English novel in which the phrases “White People” and “Negro” repeatedly appear. Little, Brown and Company, 2020. Cheerled? But while he was avoiding his bullies at Harvard, trying to use his words and doing anything he could to walk a righteous path in the eyes of God, there was a tension brewing between New England and “Old” England. Saving their crops each year was more important to them than saving souls. I’m going to steal this sentence! That would be hard to make happen even now in days is still racism but not as obvious as before. The take, a bountiful supply of gold. But Metacomet’s tribe weren’t the only indigenous people, obviously. Your body goes, but your ideas don’t. Anyway, Bacon was upset not about the race issue but instead about the class issue. I think he is saying that he wants you to understand how racism works in society, generally and systemically and globally, so that you will understand how it impacts you personally and other Americans. They sold twenty Angolans to that cousin of John Pory. He wrote the story, a biography of the life and slave trading of Prince Henry. Uh-oh. But today, the United States remains nowhere close to racial equality. There will come a time when racist ideas will no longer obstruct us from seeing the complete and utter abnormality of racial disparities. This actually came from Aristotle (we’ll get back to him later), who questioned whether Africans were born “this way” or if the heat of the continent made them inferior. It was like racist algebra. And me. This isn’t the whole meal. Thus, by association, Black people were depicted as criminals and villains. Something to get you excited about choosing your seat—the right seat—at the table. He is the author of Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (Nation, 2016), which won the 2016 National Book Award for Nonfiction. An antiracist America where the people no longer hate on racial groups or try to change racial groups. I want you to understand racism today to understand how it is affecting you and America today. We might as well just jump in and begin with the world’s first racist. CLIMATE THEORY: I write about the history of racism to understand racism today. Of course, this would mean they were a different species. Stamped: Racism, Antiracism, and You - Section 1 - 1415 - 1728 by Ibram X. Kendi and Jason Reynolds, Join an existing conversation — click the “Reply” button of the appropriate right pane comment, Start a new conversation on an existing area — Double click on the existing highlighted area or its comment balloon, Define and comment on a new area — Draw a box around the desired area by clicking and then holding + dragging your mouse. And a few hundred years later, this idea would eventually reach America. National Book Award Winner. There are serious definitions to these things, but… I’m going to give you mine. This theory, which is called polygenesis, broke the race conversation wide open. I don’t think I’m a great writer like Jason, but I do think I’m a courageous writer. These are the three distinct racial positions you will hear throughout Stamped: Racism, Antiracism, and You—the segregationists, the assimilationists, and the antiracists, and how they each have rationalized racial inequity. Your impact lingers on, even when it’s poisonous. I don’t think I’m a great writer like Jason, but I do think I’m a courageous writer. This depiction over time would even begin to convince some African people that they were inferior, like al-Hasan Ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Fasi, a well-educated Moroccan who was on a diplomatic journey along the Mediterranean Sea when he was captured and enslaved. Tobacco. And to make matters worse, Bacon declared liberty for all servants and Blacks, because, as far as he was concerned, though they were different races, they were the same class and should be united against the true enemy—rich Whites. There was a piece in 1664 by the British minister Richard Baxter called. But when I learned the motives behind the production of racist ideas, it became obvious that this folktale, though sensible, was not true. Stamped: Racism, Antiracism, and You Discuss each of the three positions defined in the book: assimilationist, segregationist, and antiracist. And when I say brewing, I mean… people were dying. He used his storytelling skills to paint a heroic portrait of Prince Henry and King John's colonization of Morocco. STAMPED: Racism, Antiracism, and You #1 New York Times bestseller . Curse theory would become the anchor of what would justify American slavery. In the opening pages, Ibram Kendi and Jason Reynolds clarify that Stamped is not a history book, but rather a “present book” meant to take the reader on a journey through the emergence of racism to better understand the modern world. Although it was the Portuguese king who actually enslaved Africans, Zurara used language that depicted African people as savage and worthy of conquest. Only the White rebels were pardoned; legislators prescribed thirty lashes for any slave who lifted a hand “against any Christian” (Christian now meant White). Stamped: Racism, Antiracism, and You is not a history book but one about race and how racist ideas evolved and persisted. Prince Henry’s cut, like a finder’s fee: 185 slaves, equaling money, money, money, though it was always framed as a noble cause, thanks to Zurara, who was also paid for his pen. This actually came from Aristotle (we’ll get back to him later), who questioned whether Africans were born “this way” or if the heat of the continent made them inferior. In 1728, on his sixty-fifth birthday, he called his church’s pastor into the room for prayer. Mennonites didn’t want to leave behind one place of oppression to build another in America, so they circulated an antislavery petition on April 18, 1688, denouncing oppression due to skin color by equating it with oppression due to religion. People began to feel threatened by the growing Black population, and new laws were passed. In all written accounts of witches and dark magic, the devil was portrayed as black. After Zurara, many European philosophers and scholars began to write harmful narratives about Africans. This was just as two other things were happening: Boston was becoming the intellectual capital of the new America, and tobacco was taking off. Stamped: Racism, Antiracism, and You is a “remix” of Ibrim X. Kendi’s highly-regarded Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. Everything would be done. Ultimately, Zurara’s story reached much farther than the actions of King John of Portugal. For the planter, the slave was a big help and could be the four-digit code to the American ATM. 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