3.) We're guided by Polybius' original account of a legion around 4,200 infantry, but also by Livy's account of 2,000 hastati (the front line shock troops of the Roman legion) with Flamininus at Thebes, indicating a larger (possibly by 40%) legion, as Polybius' description has 1,200 hastati. We know little of how the OOB played out on the ground, but can extrapolate from general knowledge of Roman and Antigonid deployments from this period. Rome's First Macedonian War, also fought against Philip V, broke out largely due to Philip’s mistaken belief that the Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca, having just crushed the Romans at Cannae in 216 B.C., would win the Second Punic War. Philip had 16,000 phalangites—heavy infantry in full panoply, armed with the long pike, 2,000 "peltasts" (an elite corps of probably phalangites, named for the pelte shield they carried), 2,000 Thracians (armed either skirmishers or light "shock" close-combat troops), 2,000 Tralles (Illyrians, most likely armed as skirmishers), 1,500 mercenaries of various nationalities and 2,000 cavalry, for a total strength of 25,500 men. An ancient place, cited: BAtlas 55 D2 Cynoscephalae Show place in AWMC's Antiquity À-la-carte , Google Earth , or Pelagios' Peripleo . Further reading. It may have been a single brigade of approximately 4,096 men, or some other partial unit. Philip seized the opportunity to strike a secret pact with the Seleucid (another Successor dynasty) King Antiochus III to seize the territory of the child King Ptolemy. The Battle of Cynoscephalae (Greek: Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon, led by Philip V.. Prelude. 2.) But enough waxing eloquent on Greece. The two armies skirmished and maneuvered in Thessaly, with Philip finally marching west in the direction of Scotussa, a fertile region, where Philip hoped to supply his army. De slag. Neither side expected a general engagement, much less one that would end the Second Macedonian War, but we don't always get what we expect. info@ospreypublishing.com Methods/Techniques Rome Macedon New way of Rome Old way of Greece When? The Roman legionaries also wore a complete panoply. +44 (0)1865 727022. Phalangites would deploy sixteen men deep. Geography. Let me bring you up to speed on the Battle of Cynoscephalae. The last line would be armed with a thrusting spear. The superior impact/solidity of the double-depth phalanx, and momentum imparted by the downhill charge gave Philip the advantage, and he drove the Romans back down the ridge toward their camp. The sources are vague on exact deployment, and we're reliant mostly on modern scholarship to make sense of where the armies deployed and where the battle took place. In 198 B.C. and the Third Macedonian War of 171 B.C. Pausanias' Description of Greece discusses the war at length and the battle more briefly. Pritchett in 1969, and N.G.L. Mike, I echo c-bone's comments and really can't wait for the book. 197 BC. In 204, the Ptolemaic king Ptolemy IV Philopator died, leaving behind a very young successor, Ptolemy V Epiphanes. Attitudes quickly soured, however, when Rome occupied "the Fetters of Greece," three pivotal fortresses at Corinth, Chalcis and Demetrias. Philip received his retreating force, and integrated them on the right of his newly arrived troops, and deployed them double-depth (32 ranks deep). Show area … Folks, the bottom line is that Greece is magic, and anyone who tells you that researching ancient warfare is lame is out of their mind. The two covering forces bumped into one another, and a skirmish erupted. 4.) It was also the first clash of two rival military systems: the Greek spear phalanx and the Roman sword legion. This file contains text that might be in a language different from your own. The battle of Cynoscephalae was a turning point in military history. Livy and Polybius agree that 8,000 Antigonids were killed and 5,000 captured. The Aetolians were waved off, and Philip was required to relinquish his conquests in the Balkans, Greece and Asia Minor. The Antigonids were one of the great “Successor” (diadochi) dynasties descended from Alexander the Great’s generals, who squabbled over his empire after his death in 323 B.C. All Rights Reserved. A strap around the shoulders, the ochane, helped support the shield's weight. The Battle of Cynoscephalae was a decisive engagement between the Roman Republic and the Antigonid Dynasty of Macedon. I'm enjoying it very much! Two hills of southeast Thessaly in northeast Greece. was the decisive battle of the First Macedonian War, and was the first of a series of victories won by Roman legions over the Greek phalanx that ended three centuries of Greek dominance on the battlefield.. That night, a soaking rain fell, resulting in a thick mist the following morning. Het was een beslissende overwinning voor de Romeinen. It was the site of the victory (197 bc) that ended the Second Macedonian War when the Romans under Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeated Philip V of Macedon. The war had been triggered by Philip V of Macedonia’s attempts to extend his kingdom into Asia Minor and the Aegean. We are on less firm ground for Flamininus, but we do know that the Roman consular army of this period usually consisted of 2 legions, with an equal number of socii (Italian allied troops, usually armed and organized along legionary lines). 6.) Myke, thanks for the ongoing travelogue. Need a translated version? Livy goes on to debunk the claims of the Roman annalist Valerius Antias, who he says grossly exaggerates the casualties (Livy doesn't tell us if Antias is writing of the Antigonid casualties, Roman casualties, or both) as 40,000 dead and 5,700 taken prisoner. The battle of Cynoscephalea of 197 B.C. A lot of good scholarship on Cynoscephalae has been published, perhaps the most famous being a series of pieces by J. Kromayer in 1907, W.K. Flamininus immediately set out for Epirus, taking 3,000 veterans from the Second Punic War, and ignoring the administrative and ceremonial duties of a Roman consul. Normally, the left hand projected past the shield rim, allowing the phalangite to wield the pike with both hands. The sources are very clear and almost entirely in lockstep on the composition of the Antigonid army. The sources give the following evolution of the battle, in this order: 1.) The Battle of Cynoscephalae, 197 BC, settled once and for all the age-old dispute of phalanx versus legionary warfare. De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie. For 300 years cavalry used in concert with the spear phalanx had dominated Western battlefields. Like it or not, he was committed to a general engagement. Philip responded by dispatching his Thessalian and Macedonian cavalry, as well as all his mercenaries (except the Thracians) to reinforce his own troops. The initial meeting of the covering forces supposedly took place on top of this ridge, with both forces sending panicked messengers back to their commanders pleading for aid. )&oldid=55773599, Wikipedia:Geen afbeelding lokaal en wel op Wikidata, Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen, 16.000 soldaten in de falanx, 1500 huurtroepen, 4.000 peltasten, 2.000 lichtbewapenden van. By force of arms it would now give way to the highly trained and disciplined Roman Legion, which would now dominate the … A year after the Peace of Phoenice, the Successor King Ptolemy IV Philopator (father-loving) died, leaving his six year old son Ptolemy V to succeed him. Battle of Cynoscephalae summary. Cynoscephalae is de naam voor een heuvelrug in Thessalië.Deze heuvelrug had zeer hoge toppen, wat erg in het voordeel was voor de Romeinen, aangezien zij in een veel flexibelere formatie vochten dan … At the battle of Cynoscephalae, known, in military terms, as the "encounter battle", the legions of Flamininus attack the phalanx of Philip V, while they are still in the deployment phase, routing them. Despite this, Philip resumed his march, and his troops became confused and disoriented due to heavy fog. Reinforced, the Romans drive the Antigonids up the hill, until they're forced to the crest. This bought him four months during which the rest of the treaty was negotiated. Officers or wealthier soldiers may have worn a bronze muscle-cuirass in place of the linothorax. Before advancing, he left orders for Nicanor to join him as soon as possible. Marching blind, Philip sent light troops out to reconnoiter from high ground, at precisely the same time Flamininus sent out "ten squadrons of horse and about a thousand light-armed infantry" (Polybius) with the same purpose. Philip then sent a small force to take the Cynoscephalae hills (coordinates: 39º25'N, 22º34'E). We have Plutarch’s Life of Flamininus in his Parallel Lives, which gives a moralistic retelling from Rome’s point-of-view, 3 chapters from Livy, with all the attendant concerns about his mistranslations and prioritization of drama over accuracy, and 9 chapters from Polybius, who was a client of the powerful Aemili family, and thus positively disposed toward Rome. Cynoscephalae synonyms, Cynoscephalae pronunciation, Cynoscephalae translation, English dictionary definition of Cynoscephalae. 7/8000 gesneuvelden en 4/5000 gevangenen. Rome's crisis of command had the Second Macedonian War off to a bad start, and there was every indicator that it would mimic the First in an end not particularly favorable to Rome. It matches Plutarch's assessment that Flamininus had over 26,000 soldiers, and that the opposing forces were roughly the same size. command was taken up by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, a commander of real energy, if not genius, who drastically altered the course of events. We got to spend the day seeing the ancient city of Dion, where Alexander the Great sacrificed before launching on his expedition into Asia, and we also toured the battlefield of Cynoscephalae, which is one of the battles covered in Legion vs. Phalanx. The Triarii may have all worn mail. Flamininus quickly defeated Philip at the Aous River Gorge, by means of a flanking maneuver. The Battle of Cynoscephalae, fought in 197 B.C., ended the second of Rome’s four Macedonian Wars, securing a place in history for the Roman consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus, checking the power of the Antigonid King Philip V, and imposing a brutal peace that laid the groundwork for the Third Macedonian War against Philip’s son Perseus. It features in Rome: Total War as a historical battle. By using our website you consent to all cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy. We also know that Rome's Aetolian Greek allies sent them 400 cavalry and 6,000 infantry, while the Athamanian Greeks sent 1,200 infantry. In addition to a moral victory for Rome, Flamininus killed 2,000 Antigonid troops and captured Philip's baggage. The battle on the hills grew fierc… Phase I. Illustrating. At this point Nicanor, hurrying with the rest of the phalanx, crested the ridge and saw what was happening and hurried to help. The Roman right pursued the fleeing Antigonid left. Unfortunately, Neither Antias nor Claudius' original annals survive in anything or than fragmentary-referential form. The Battle of Cynoscephalae (Greek: Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν ) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon, led by Philip V. 11.) Rome finally demanded that Philip cease his attempts to annex the holdings of Ptolemy, leave Athens alone, and settle things with Pergamum and Rhodes. He also had to scuttle his navy. NOTE: Livy says they dropped their pikes and charged with swords, and is widely believed to have mistranslated Polybius. The fullest recent treatment of the battle is NGL Hammond’s ‘The campaign and Battle of Cynoscephalae 197 BC, JHS, V 108 (1988) 60-62. Livy and Polybius also agree that the Romans took about 700 casualties, almost certainly entirely on the Roman left, from the Roman covering force and the main body that reinforced them. Philip also pursued a war with Athens—at that point a Roman ally. Val van het West-Romeinse Rijk, Burgeroorlog tussen Antonius en Octavianus, https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slag_bij_Cynoscephalae_(197_v.Chr. The Battle of Cynoscephalae (Greek: Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon, led by Philip V. Battle of Cynoscephalae: decisive battle during the Second Macedonian War (200-197 BCE), in which the Roman general Titus Quinctius Flamininus overcame the Macedonian king Philip V. Philip V of Macedon. We confirmed a lot of our suppositions about the battle, and I feel even more confident about the positions I take in the book, and I am hoping to raise new questions in the book that haven’t been addressed before. I’m writing this from the balcony of the Hotel Titagion in the mountains of Agrafa. Summary . Philip fled to Tempe, where he recovered as many survivors as he could. The Antigonids are frequently referred to as “Macedonians” and sometimes just as “Greeks.” Those descriptors are accurate. An additional 800 infantry joined the Romans from Crete. 5.) Justinus discusses the battle in his Epitome of the Philippic Histories, and mention is also made in the Chronicle of Eusebius and in Orosius' History Against the Pagans. It was also a contest primarily between two iconic, culturally-representative and distinct formations: the Antigonid phalanx with their twenty-one foot pikes (sarissa), and the Roman legion with their short swords (gladius hispaniensis) and javelins (pilum). But in 198 B.C. With the Karadag range between them, the two armies marched on only generally aware of the other's position, utterly ignorant of the fact that they were just 12KM apart. But he must be considered, as it is likely he is filling in gaps left by lacunae in Cassius Dio’s Roman History. It is possible that the twenty maniples Polybius is referring to here are those of the Triarii from the legion and its associated ala, as these would amount to twenty maniples, would be the in the rear of the Roman right, and would be the most veteran and disciplined troops—more likely to break off a pursuit to get back in the fight. The first two lines would have been armed with 2 javelins each and the short sword. We’re working our tails off, and this is still one of the most incredible trips of our lives. The situation finally stabilized due to the efforts of the Aetolian cavalry, with the Romans pressed, but holding. In 201 BC, Rome won the Second Punic War against Carthage. Death of Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epophanes Antichus III the Great Philip V of Macedonia For the phalanx is like an animal of invincible strength as long as it is one body and can keep its shields locked together in a single formation; but when it has been broken up into Philip pled his case to Rome, passionately asserting that his actions were not in violation of the Peace of Phoenice, but the arguments fell on deaf ears, and Rome soon had armies on the move in Illyria to protect their allies and bring Philip to heel. Even better, Scotussa was near the road to Palaepharsalus, which meant Philip's army could be in contact with his line of supply to the north, and also perhaps to troops he had garrisoned to the south in Pharsalus. His phalanx was not deployed in line, and were in a column to march, likely for speed of movement. Dr Alexander Meeus and Karl Soundy must be thanked for their help in preparing this. Today, we ventured south and west into the ridges and hills surrounding the Karadag range in Thessaly where the famous Battle of Cynoscephalae was fought in 197 B.C. During the march there was a heavy rainstorm, and the morning after there was a fog over the hills and fields separating both camps. Consuls served for a year, and it's likely that Flamininus was aware of this ticking clock and acting to prosecute the war before it ran out. If you're following along with Myke, make sure you catch up on his last blog posts: Entry #1: Meet Author Myke Cole as He Blogs His Trip to Greece to Research "Legion vs. Phalanx", Entry #2: Myke Cole's Reading List: The Battles of Cynoscephalae, Thermopylae, and Pydna, Entry #5: Visiting the Aemilius Paulus Monument with Myke Cole. Livy definitively states the number of captives at 5,000, while Polybius says it was not less than 5,000. This allowed greater tactical flexibility to the Romans. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. For the hastati and principes, most likely a bronze pectoral that covered the heart. This done, Philip marched half his army over the ridge to deliver what he believed to be a finishing blow. At full strength, Flamininus' legions numbered approximately 5,000 men. You must be logged in as a Bronze, Silver or Gold Osprey member to comment on this post. The pelte was slung on the arm using a loop called the porpax, and may have included an antilabe, a handle that could be used to grip with the hand to maneuver the shield if the phalangite transitioned to their sword (a backup weapon). Attacked from both front and rear, the Antigonid right broke, and a general rout ensued. Flamininus responds to his covering force's plea for reinforcements, sending 500 cavalry and 2,000 infantry to assist. They approached from opposite sides. Enter your email address below to sign up to our General newsletter for updates from Osprey Publishing, Osprey Games and our parent company Bloomsbury. The Battle of Cynoscephalae is a battle that took place in 197 BC. Description: English: An animation showing the events of the Battle of Cynoscephalae. De Slag bij Cynoscephalae was een slag in de Tweede Macedonische Oorlog die gevochten werd tussen Rome en Macedonië. The Roman skirmishers (velites) would have deployed in a screen out front, and the cavalry on the flanks. Thessaly, Greece, 197 BC Second Macedonian War Macedonian Light Troops, Reinforced, Push Back the Romans (Polybius 18.22) - See also About Polybius Philip's Camp (See also About Philip V of Macedon) Roman-Allied Greek Cavalry Cynoscephalae, (Greek: “Dogs’ Heads”), ancient range of hills in Thessaly, Greece, 7 miles (11 km) west of modern Vólos. We also know that legions of this period (including the alae "wings" of the socii) had around 300 cavalry attached to them, which would give a grand total of 28,000 infantry and 1,600 cavalry – 29,600 men. Armor Where? The Antigonid phalangites likely wore a complete panoply of approximately forty pounds, including bronze helmet and greaves and a linothorax (linen cuirass) and bore the pelte, a shield approximately two feet in diameter and slightly concave, without an offset rim. My fiancee and I have been visiting historical sites in Greece for the last 3 years and I'd say you can't find a more friendly or helpful people. Just at this time the Rhodians determined to win back from him the district on the mainland known as Peraea, which had been held by their forefathers. They fled at first contact with the elephants. The next few years were one of constant tension between the Antigonids and Rome, as Philip continued to try to expand his reach in Greece and Asia Minor, bringing him into running conflicts with the powerful states of Pergamum and Rhodes. 12.) 1. The three lines would deploy in a checkboard (quincunx) pattern, with the each line covering the intervals of the line in front. 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